Making Conservation Agriculture ever greenGarrity, DPWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), PO Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; d

This paper reviews the key constraints limiting the practice of CA in tropical rainfed agroecologies. It examines evidence from research, and from widespread indigenous practice, that indicates that successful CA systems for tropical smallholders would benefit substantially from the integration of trees. It argues that Conservation Agriculture with Trees (CAWT) addresses a number of the critical constraints to sustained smallholder CA uptake, and notes that there is now clear evidence of its success at scale in several countries in Africa.